#pragma once

#include <c10/core/Device.h>
#include <c10/core/DispatchKeySet.h>
#include <c10/core/Layout.h>
#include <c10/core/MemoryFormat.h>
#include <c10/core/SymIntArrayRef.h>
#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
#include <c10/util/ArrayRef.h>
#include <c10/util/intrusive_ptr.h>
#include <c10/util/python_stub.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

// Forward declarations

namespace c10 {
struct IValue;
class OperatorHandle;
struct TensorImpl;
} // namespace c10

namespace torch::jit {
using Stack = std::vector<c10::IValue>;
}

// Actual implementation

namespace c10::impl {

struct C10_API PyInterpreter;

// Note [Python interpreter tag]
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Traditionally, PyTorch is layered such that our Python library
// (libtorch_python) references our pure C++ library (libtorch) as the
// natural order of things.  However, sometimes this natural order is
// subverted: C++ objects refer to Python objects (for example, we
// store a PyObject* pointer on TensorImpl so that converting from a
// C++ Tensor to a Python Tensor is just a memory dereference).
//
// These unusual orderings must be treated with care.  To start, you need to
// virtualize the destructor so that the PyObject can be decref'ed on
// destruction (because the C++ object itself doesn't know anything about
// Python--remember, layering!).  This process itself is fraught, since
// acquiring the GIL could lead to deadlocks if someone is blocking on you
// while holding the GIL.  Furthermore, if the C++ objects outlive the
// interpreter (which can happen if you stash them in a static global
// variable defined in libtorch), you may attempt to decref the object when
// the Python interpreter has already been shutdown.
//
// BUT WAIT, IT GETS WORSE.  With torchdeploy, there may be multiple Python
// interpreters in a single process. If a C++ object is accessible from
// multiple interpreters, we must take care not to accidentally pass a
// PyObject from one interpreter with another interpreter.
//
// To prevent these mixups, we introduce a PyInterpreter "tag" (object with
// a vtable), which specifies a specific Python interpreter.
//
//  - Any given object can be associated with AT MOST one Python interpreter.
//    We represent the interpreter tag as a memory address to an instance of
//    a virtual class that is allocated once per interpreter (this is so that
//    we can request the interpreter to perform operations for us, if
//    necessary).
//
//  - It can be recorded with a PyObject (PyInterpreterObject) so that
//    we know what interpreter the object is associated with, and we can
//    raise an error if you try to use the PyObject from the wrong
//    interpreter context.
//
//  - It contains a vtable that can be used to perform various Python
//    operations from ordinary C++ code that ordinarily wouldn't be accessible
//    from libtorch.
//
// A simple use case is when a C++ object must be associated with a PyObject.
// However, for TensorImpl, we lazily allocate a PyObject the first time the
// object passes into Python.  The invariants for this situation are more
// subtle:
//
//  - A given TensorImpl's interpreter tag can only go from uninitialized to
//    tagged; once tagged, this is a quiescent state (once tagged to an
//    interpreter, ALWAYS tagged to that interpreter)
//
//  - A thread may mutate the PyObject field of a TensorImpl if and only if it
//    holds the GIL for the interpreter tagged on the TensorImpl.  (If the
//    TensorImpl is not tagged, it must first atomically claim its tag before it
//    can validly write)
//
// WARNING: This class has to be written very carefully, because it may be
// possible for a Tensor to have a reference an interpreter corresponding to
// a shared library that has ALREADY BEEN UNLOADED.  This makes blindly calling
// virtual methods very dangerous, because the vtable may be garbage at that
// point (on a good day, you might get "pure virtual method called").
//
// The idea to solve this problem is we always leak PyInterpreters (so they
// always stay live even after dlclose), and make sure we can disarm their
// virtual methods by indirecting through a separate PyInterpreterVTable
// object.  This can be replaced with a no-op vtable from libc10.so, which
// is guaranteed to stick around until the bitter end.
//
// NB: The downside with representing PyInterpreter tags as full objects is that
// it takes an extra word on TensorImpl.  If tags were instead just integer
// indices, on 64-bit architectures we could pack the tag and PyObject together
// into a single atomic word.  On 32-bit architectures we could simply say that
// only one Python interpreter is supported (erroring if a nontrivial
// interpreter tag is attempted to be set).
//
// The difficulty with this scheme is we need to maintain an out-of-line table
// to get at the PyInterpreters so that we can do virtual method calls on them,
// and registration/deregistration to this table must be done in a thread safe
// manner.  This can be easily done if the number of possible PyInterpreters is
// small enough (e.g., 8-bit integer) by simply preallocating an array of
// sufficient size to hold all possible interpreters.  Surely 128 threads is
// more than enough for anyone!
//
// I didn't decide to do this technique at the moment, because the extra word
// added by the PyInterpreter tag takes us to 24 words, which means that we
// still fit inside three eight word cache lines.  If you need to penny pinch
// another word consider doing this!

struct C10_API PyInterpreterVTable {
  virtual ~PyInterpreterVTable() = default;

  // Report the name of this interpreter
  virtual std::string name() const = 0;

  // Run Py_DECREF on a PyObject.  We DO NOT assume the GIL is held on call
  // See NOTE [PyInterpreter::decref takes a `has_pyobj_slot` arg]
  virtual void decref(PyObject* pyobj, bool has_pyobj_slot) const = 0;

  // Perform a detach by deferring to the __torch_dispatch__ implementation of
  // detach, which will also arrange for the PyObject to get copied in this
  // situation
  virtual c10::intrusive_ptr<TensorImpl> detach(
      const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;

  // Invoke the Python boxed fallback dispatch to go back into Python
  virtual void dispatch(const c10::OperatorHandle& op, torch::jit::Stack* stack)
      const = 0;

  virtual void reportErrorCallback(PyObject* callback, DispatchKey key)
      const = 0;

  // This is only invoked in the multipy/torchdeploy situation from
  // pythonOpRegistrationTrampoline; this lets us get to the Python
  // interpreter to actually find the appropriate Python op registration
  // entry to call.
  virtual void python_op_registration_trampoline(
      const c10::OperatorHandle& op,
      c10::DispatchKey,
      torch::jit::Stack* stack) const = 0;

  virtual void throw_abstract_impl_not_imported_error(
      std::string opname,
      const char* pymodule,
      const char* context) const = 0;

  // Invoke the Python dispatcher to handle this call
  virtual void python_dispatcher(
      const c10::OperatorHandle& op,
      c10::DispatchKeySet,
      torch::jit::Stack* stack) const = 0;

  virtual bool is_contiguous(const TensorImpl* self, at::MemoryFormat)
      const = 0;
  virtual bool is_strides_like(const TensorImpl* self, at::MemoryFormat)
      const = 0;
  virtual bool is_non_overlapping_and_dense(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::Device device(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual int64_t dim(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::IntArrayRef strides(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::IntArrayRef sizes(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::SymIntArrayRef sym_sizes(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::Layout layout(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual int64_t numel(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::SymInt sym_numel(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::SymIntArrayRef sym_strides(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
  virtual c10::SymInt sym_storage_offset(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;

  virtual void trace_gpu_event_creation(uintptr_t event) const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_event_deletion(uintptr_t event) const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_event_record(uintptr_t event, uintptr_t stream)
      const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_event_wait(uintptr_t event, uintptr_t stream)
      const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_memory_allocation(uintptr_t ptr) const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_memory_deallocation(uintptr_t ptr) const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_stream_creation(uintptr_t stream) const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_device_synchronization() const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_stream_synchronization(uintptr_t stream) const = 0;
  virtual void trace_gpu_event_synchronization(uintptr_t event) const = 0;

  virtual void reset_backward_hooks(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
};

struct C10_API PyInterpreter {
  const PyInterpreterVTable* vtable_;

  PyInterpreter(const PyInterpreterVTable* vtable) : vtable_(vtable){};

  const PyInterpreterVTable& operator*() const noexcept {
    return *vtable_;
  }
  const PyInterpreterVTable* operator->() const noexcept {
    return vtable_;
  }

  // Disarm this PyInterpreter, making all of its methods noops.
  // The vtable pointer is not an atomic at the moment, which means
  // a disarm() invocation that is concurrent with active destructors
  // is not thread safe and will trigger TSAN.  My hope is that this
  // situations doesn't ever actually happen; tensor destruction should
  // quiesce when a dlclose happens, and any long lived tensors whose
  // destructors would be disarmed here only begin the destruction process
  // on process shutdown (long after the dlclose has occurred).
  void disarm() noexcept;
};

// PyInterpreterStatus describes what the state of its interpreter tag
// is, relative to the thread currently holding the GIL.
enum class PyInterpreterStatus {
  // We just allocated the Tensor, it hasn't escaped to other threads,
  // we know that it definitely hasn't been tagged to be associated
  // with an interpreter.
  DEFINITELY_UNINITIALIZED,
  // We queried the interpreter field and it looked uninitialized.  But
  // another thread may have raced with us to tag it with some other
  // interpreter id.  So we will have to do a CEX to make sure we can
  // actually nab it.
  MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED,
  // We queried the interpreter field and it was tagged to belong to us.
  // This means we have sole write access (as we hold the GIL for this
  // interpreter)
  TAGGED_BY_US,
  // Someone else tagged this.  We can't use this TensorImpl from Python.
  TAGGED_BY_OTHER,
};

} // namespace c10::impl
